Which of the following is NOT required to prove negligence?

• A. Duty to act
• B. Intent to harm
• C. Causal relationship
• D. Breach of duty

Answer: (B)

Proving negligence rests on four elements: a duty of care owed by the defendant, a breach of that duty, a causal link between the breach and the injury, and actual damages. Intent to harm is not part of negligence; you don’t need to show any intent to cause harm, only that reasonable care was not taken and this failure led to the harm. The other elements are required: there must be a duty to act, a breach of that duty, and a causal connection showing the breach caused the injury, with damages resulting. Intent to harm is more relevant to intentional torts, not negligence.